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– Bite from infected female Anopheles mosquitoes
– Living or traveling in malaria-endemic areas

– Poor diet lacking in fruits, vegetables, or fortified foods
– Malabsorption disorders (e.g., celiac disease, Crohn’s disease)
– Certain medical conditions or medications
– Increased vitamin requirements during pregnancy or illness

– Bacterial infections (e.g., Shigella)
– Parasitic infections (e.g., Entamoeba histolytica)
– Contaminated food or water
– Poor sanitation and hygiene

– Drinking contaminated water
– Eating contaminated food
– Poor sanitation and hygiene

– Bite of infected Aedes mosquitoes (mainly Aedes aegypti)
– Living or traveling in tropical and subtropical areas

– Consuming contaminated food or water
– Poor sanitation and hygiene
– Close contact with infected persons

– Airborne transmission through coughing or sneezing of an infected person
– Weakened immune system
– Close contact with someone who has active TB